The most common causes are autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto's (leading to low function) or Graves' disease (leading to high function). Less common causes include iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, and certain medications. An endocrinologist can pinpoint the exact cause.

Hypothyroidism (low function) is typically a lifelong condition managed effectively with daily hormone replacement medication, ensuring it is controlled. Hyperthyroidism (high function) can often be permanently cured with surgery or radioactive iodine therapy, depending on the cause and severity.

Diet plays a supporting role. While no diet is a cure, individuals with hypothyroidism should avoid excessive consumption of raw cruciferous vegetables (like cabbage and broccoli) and soy, as they can interfere with hormone absorption. Always take medication on an empty stomach and consult your doctor or a dietitian for personalized advice.

Yes, pregnancy significantly affects thyroid hormone needs. Proper thyroid function is vital for the baby's brain development. Women with pre-existing hypothyroidism usually require an increased dosage of medication during pregnancy, requiring frequent monitoring (often monthly) by an endocrinologist.

A goiter is simply an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. While not all goiters are dangerous, they can indicate an underlying problem (like iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's, or Graves' disease). If the goiter is very large, it can cause difficulty swallowing or breathing and may require surgical removal (thyroidectomy).

Initially, TSH levels are checked every 4 to 8 weeks until they stabilize within the optimal range. Once stable, patients usually require TSH checks once or twice a year. However, if symptoms change or a woman becomes pregnant, testing frequency must increase.