What are uterine fibroids?
Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are noncancerous growths that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They are the most common type of growth found in a woman’s pelvis.
Where do fibroids grow?
Fibroids can grow:
- Inside the uterine cavity (submucosal)
- Within the uterine wall (intramural)
- On the outer surface of the uterus (subserosal)
- Attached to the uterus by a stem-like structure (pedunculated)
The size, shape, and location of fibroids can vary greatly.
Types of uterine fibroids
The classification of fibroids is based on their location:
- Intramural fibroids: Develop within the muscular wall of the uterus.
- Submucosal fibroids: Protrude into the uterine cavity.
- Subserosal fibroids: Project to the outside of the uterus.
- Pedunculated fibroids: Attached to the uterus by a stalk.
These variations can influence the symptoms experienced and the treatment approach.
Are fibroids common?
Yes, uterine fibroids are very common. Approximately 40% to 80% of people with a uterus have fibroids. They occur most often in people between 30 and 50 years old.
Symptoms and Causes
What are the symptoms of uterine fibroids?
Many women with fibroids experience no symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
- Menstrual pain (cramps)
- Vaginal bleeding at times other than menstruation
- Anemia (from blood loss)
- Pain in the abdomen or lower back
- Pain during intercourse
- Pressure or fullness in the lower abdomen
- Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
- Constipation or bloating
- Enlarged abdomen
The severity of symptoms can vary based on the size, number, and location of the fibroids.
What does uterine fibroid pain feel like?
Pain from fibroids can be dull and aching or sharp and severe. It may be localized in the lower abdomen or back and can intensify during menstruation or intercourse.
What do fibroids look like?
Fibroids are firm, rubbery masses that can vary in size from as small as a pea to as large as a melon. Their appearance depends on their type and location within the uterus.
What causes uterine fibroids?
The exact cause of fibroids is unknown. However, factors that may contribute include:
- Hormonal factors: Estrogen and progesterone promote the growth of fibroids.
- Genetic factors: A family history of fibroids increases risk.
- Other factors: Obesity, diet high in red meat, and high blood pressure have been associated with increased risk.
What are the complications of uterine fibroids?
While fibroids are noncancerous, they can lead to complications such as:
- Severe anemia due to heavy bleeding
- Infertility or pregnancy complications
- Urinary tract infections from bladder pressure
- Constipation from pressure on the rectum
Can fibroids cause anemia?
Yes, heavy menstrual bleeding caused by fibroids can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue and weakness.
What are risk factors for uterine fibroids?
Risk factors include:
- Age (30s and 40s)
- Family history of fibroids
- Ethnicity (more common in Black women)
- Obesity
- Diet high in red meat and low in green vegetables
- High blood pressure
Diagnosis and Tests
How are uterine fibroids diagnosed?
Fibroids are often found during a routine pelvic exam. To confirm the diagnosis and determine size and location, your doctor may order:
- Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the uterus.
- MRI: Provides detailed images of fibroids.
- Hysterosonography: Involves injecting saline into the uterus to enhance imaging.
- Hysterosalpingography: Uses dye and X-rays to examine the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- Hysteroscopy: Inserts a small telescope through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus.
Management and Treatment
How are uterine fibroids treated?
Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms, size and location of fibroids, and desire for future pregnancies. Options include:
Medications
- Hormonal therapies: Such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists to shrink fibroids.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): To relieve pain.
- Iron supplements: To treat anemia.
Fibroid surgery
- Myomectomy: Surgical removal of fibroids, preserving the uterus.
- Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus; definitive treatment for fibroids.
- Uterine artery embolization: Blocks blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink.
- MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery: Noninvasive procedure using sound waves to destroy fibroid tissue.
Risks to uterine fibroid treatment
Risks vary by treatment and may include bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding organs, and recurrence of fibroids.
How large do uterine fibroids need to be before being surgically removed?
Surgical removal is considered when fibroids cause significant symptoms, are large (typically over 5 cm), or interfere with fertility.
What happens if fibroids go untreated?
Untreated fibroids may continue to grow and cause worsening symptoms, including severe pain, heavy bleeding, and reproductive issues.
Prevention
Can fibroids be prevented?
While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent fibroids, maintaining a healthy lifestyle may reduce risk:
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Manage blood pressure.
- Limit red meat consumption.
Outlook / Prognosis
Can I get pregnant if I have uterine fibroids?
Yes, many women with fibroids can conceive and have successful pregnancies. However, fibroids can sometimes cause infertility or complications during pregnancy.
Can fibroids change over time?
Fibroids can grow or shrink over time. They often grow during pregnancy and shrink after menopause due to hormonal changes.
Will fibroids go away on their own?
Fibroids may shrink after menopause but typically do not go away without treatment.
Do fibroids make you tired?
Yes, if fibroids cause heavy bleeding leading to anemia, you may experience fatigue.
Do fibroids make your stomach big?
Large fibroids can cause abdominal distension, making the stomach appear enlarged.
Living With
When should I contact my healthcare provider?
Contact your provider if you experience:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Difficulty emptying the bladder
- Unexplained anemia
- Concerns about fertility
❓Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Are fibroids cancer?
No, fibroids are benign (noncancerous) growths and do not increase the risk of uterine cancer.
A Note from Shri Tirupati Hospital
At Shri Tirupati Hospital in Ghaziabad, we understand how uterine fibroids can affect your daily life and emotional well-being. Our team of experienced gynecologists and specialists is committed to providing accurate diagnosis, advanced treatment options, and compassionate care tailored to your unique needs. Whether you’re dealing with symptoms or simply want clarity about your reproductive health, we’re here to help at every step.
Care at Shri Tirupati Hospital
- ✅ Expert Diagnosis: Ultrasound, MRI, and pelvic exams done by experienced gynecologists and surgeons.
- ✅ Personalized Treatment Plans: From medication to advanced surgical options, including minimally invasive procedures.
- ✅ Supportive Environment: We ensure your comfort and privacy while answering all your questions.
- ✅ Fertility-Focused Care: For women planning a family, we offer treatment paths that protect and preserve fertility.
Other Conditions & Treatments
We also treat hernias, gallstone, breast, kidney stone problems, and more.
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Note: This information is for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for concerns about your health.
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Information reviewed and verified by-
Dr. Aakriti Garg
MBBS, MS OBGY
Laparoscopic & hysteroscopic surgeon, Aesthetic & cosmetic gynaecologist